Belgium

General facts
National legislative framework
National policies on waste
Instruments
Waste generation and treatment from 1995 – 2003
Regional legislation on waste (selected)
Competent Authorities
Bibliography

1. General facts

General facts
Surface area	30518 Km²
Population (tousand inhabitans)	10356
Average number of persons per private household*	2,5
Passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants**	463
GDP per capita in Purchasing Power Standards(PPS) EU25=100	118
GDP per capita (Constant prices)	EUR 25329 (at 1995 and exchange rates)
Land use***	59,9% agriculture land 22,2% forests and other wooded land 18,5% buildt-up and related land 0,8% wet open land 1% dry open land 0,7% Water
Household characteristics by urbanisation degree, distribution of households % ****	60% in densely populated areas(at least 500 inhab./Km²) 36% in intermediate urbanised areas(100 - 499 inhab./Km²) 4% in sparsely populated areas(less than 100 inhab./Km²)
Gross value added (GVA) - At current basic prices and current exchange rates (% of all branches).	20% Industry, including energy 5% Construction 23% Trade, transport and communication services 28% Buisness activities and financial services 24% Other services 1% Agriculture, hunting and fishing

Source: Eurostat, 2004 except from *2003; **EUROSTAT/DGTREN, 2002; ***2000; ****1999

2. National legislative framework

Regulations and analyses are published in Dutch (for Flanders) or French language (for Brussels and Walloonia); some overview information is given in English. Walloonian regulations since the year 2000 are also published in German language. Due to the availability of information and the language barrier the picture of Belgium is given mostly as a mix of Flemish projects and activities and Walloon legislation.

National acts/laws on waste management
Reference	Main features
Federal Government of Belgium (2000). Federal Plan for Sustainable Development 2000 – 2004 adopted by the Federal Government of Belgium, 20 July 2000 Conseil de Ministres (2004). Plan fédéral de développement durable2004 – 2008. Brussels, Belgium	On the National level there are sustainability policies. The Federal Government of Belgium in the year 2000 has adopted the Federal Plan for Sustainable Development 2000 – 2004 with actions on influencing consumption and production pattern. Also the 2004 – 2008 Federal Plan for Sustainable Development (Conseil de Ministres, 2004) is targeted towards a more responsible use of natural resources. The actions foreseen in those plans on the long term may have also an effect on waste arisings and waste quality. Environmental policy and specifically waste policy is already matter of the 3 regions Brussels, Flanders and Walloonia, each. Also the regulation and public administration of the Waste Management System in Belgium is assigned to the 3 regions. Each region has its own waste management legislation and policy. Regional governments offer a range of instruments to guide and steer waste management. These comprise licenses, charges, acceptance obligations, covenants, grants, local controls, environmental policy agreements etc.

Regional Laws/acts on waste management
Reference	Main features
Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap(2002).Conseil de Ministres (2004). Milieubeleidsplan2003-2007	Flanders has issued an Environmental Policy Plan 2003-2007
Conseil de la Région de Bruxelles-capitale (1991). Ordonnance relative a la prévention et a la gestion des déchets Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap (1981). Decr. VI. R. 02.07.1981 betreffende de voorkoming en het beheer van afvalstoffen (B.S., 25.07.1981, err., B.S. 13.03.1982, B.S. 29.04.1994) Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap (2004). Besluit van de Vlaamse regering tot vaststelling van het Vlaams reglement inzake afvalvoorkoming en –beheer, 05.12.2003. Belgisch Staatsblad 30.04.2004, Ed. 2, p. 35947-35970 (updated:14.07.2004, B.S. 08.10.2004, p. 70711-70729; 17.12.2004, B.S. 20.01.2005, Ed. 2, p. 1654)	See below
Conseil régional wallon (1996). Décret relatif aux déchets27.06.1996. Moniteur Belge 02.08.1995 (in the version of 01.04.2004)	The Walloonian waste management law sets the framework for waste management in the Walloonia region. Since 1996 it was regularly updated to keep pace with the EU regulations. Among others this law provides the basis for ordinances on the landfilling incineration separate collection and recycling of waste. This law also requires from the regional government to provide waste management plans.

2.1 Summary of the legislation relevant to waste management

On the federal Belgium level a general sustainability policy is formulated. The environmental and specifically the waste management legislation, however, are subject to the three regions Flanders, Brussels and Walloonia. In principle waste management legislation in all 3 regions goes along similar lines. Regional governments offer a range of instruments to guide and steer waste management. These comprise licenses, charges, acceptance obligations, covenants, grants, local controls, environmental policy agreements etc.

Flanders

In Flanders the Public Waste Agency of the Flemish region (OVAM) is responsible for the achievement of waste management objectives by means of waste projects. Local authorities, interurban communities, professional companies, firms etc. take initiatives to meet these objectives locally. Local authorities are specifically responsible for the prevention, separate collection and treatment of household waste.
In general Flanders sticks to the European waste hierarchy and lays its focus of waste management activities on waste prevention followed by re-use and recycling. Waste that still has to be disposed off should preferably be incinerated with energy recovery. Only if no other possibility remains waste may be landfilled.
The Flemish region strictly adheres to the principle of self-sufficiency with regard to final disposal. An Implementation Plan for Household Waste 2003 – 2007 was introduced in Flanders aiming at following targets:

to obtain 13% prevention of household waste in 2007 as compared to 2000
69% of household waste is selectively collected and recycled or composted
residual household waste should not be more than 180 kg/cap in 2003, 165 kg/cap in 2005 and 150 kg/cap.a in 2007.
from 2005 only waste which cannot be incinerated may be landfilled.

Walloonia

The Walloonion waste management plan defines targets for the prevention, composting, recycling and landfilling of industrial and municipal waste, respectively and specifies instruments which should support the achievement of these targets.
For the waste stream “tyres” a 10 % waste prevention target is defined (achieved by life time extending measures). All waste tyres should be revamped and reused, recycled or incinerated.

Regional Waste Management Plans - Flanders
Period of implementation	Main features
2002-2006, with a view to 2010	(MIRA -T, 2001): The Strategic Waste Plan of Flanders, approved in May 2001, outlines the scope of the waste policy for 2002-2006, with a view to 2010 (described in section 3.1 Flanders in chapter 3 National policies on waste).

Regional Waste Management Plans - Walloonia
Period of implementation	Main features
1998-2010	In 1998 for Walloonia a 560 pages Waste Management Plant was presented which is valid up to the year 2010 (Ministre de l’environnement, des resources naturelles et de l’agriculture pour la Region Wallone (1998). Horizon 2010 - Plan wallon des dechets. Namur, Belgium). In this plan a detailed analysis for industrial, municipal and hazardous waste is presented as well as an analysis of 29 distinct waste streams. >br />The waste management plan defines targets for the prevention, composting, recycling and landfilling of industrial and municipal waste, respectively and specifies instruments which should support the achievement of these targets.

2.2 Landfill and Incineration Directive

In Flanders the overall volume of waste to be landfilled or incinerated shall be limited by waste prevention projects. Only waste which cannot be incinerated may be landfilled. The required processing capacity must be increased by means of mechanical-biological processing plants (to a total treatment capacity of 600,000 tonnes per year) and by means of fluidised bed incineration plants. For financing the program cost covering tariffs and a financial support scheme for local authorities was introduced. A scheme for the separate collection and composting of bio- and green waste was introduced already in the early 1990s.
Walloonia has issued a time schedule on the ban of landfill. Non-reactive hazardous waste may still be deposited underground at special landfill sites. The time schedule on the ban of landfill is shown below under “Instrument: Ban on landfill – Walloonia”

**Transposition of landfill and incineration directives**
Transposition	Act/Law/decree	Year of transposition	Text available (Y/N)	Language
Landfill directive 99/31	Wallonische Regierung (2003). Erlass zur Festlegung der sektorbezogenen Betriebsbedingungen der technischen Vergrabungszentren 27.02.2003. Moniteur Belge 13.03.2003 Wallonische Regierung (2004). Erlass zur Untersagung der Zuweisung bestimmter Abfälle in technischen Vergrabungszentren, 18.03.2004. Moniteur Belge 04.05.2004 Besluit van de Vlaamse Regering houdende de algemene en sectorale bepalingen inzake milieuhygiëne, zoals herhaaldelijk gewijzigd en meer specifiek bij besluit van de Vlaamse Regering van 13.07.01 (B.S. 19.09.01).		Y	French / Dutch
Landfill decision 33/03	Besluit van de Vlaamse Regering houdende de algemene en sectorale bepalingen inzake milieuhygiëne		N	Awaits approval
Incineration directive 76/00	Wallonische Regierung (2003). Erlass über die sektorbezogenen Bedingungen im Bereich der Abfallverbrennungs- oder –mitverbrennungsanlagen 27.02.2004. Moniteur Belge 14.03.2003 Besluit van de Vlaamse Regering houdende de algemene en sectorale bepalingen inzake milieuhygiëne, zoals herhaaldelijk gewijzigd en meer specifiek bij besluit van de Vlaamse Regering van 12.12.03 (B.S. 13.02.04)	2003	Y Y	French/German French/Dutch

3. National policies on waste

Belgium submitted regional strategies on the reduction of biodegradable waste going to landfill for the Walloon and the Flemish Region. No strategy was submitted for the Brussels Region.
The Flemish Region already exceeds the last reduction target set in directive 1999/31/EC (that is -65 % of biodegradable wastes going to landfills). The Flemish Waste Management Plan provides for further reductions by banning the landfilling of some wastes, such as unsorted household waste, waste collected for recovery and the combustible fraction (with a TOC of more than 6 %).
The Walloon Region plans to reach the targets by setting targets for the reduction of the generation of municipal waste, for the overall recovery of waste and for recycling. Separate collection of organic waste is foreseen on a voluntary basis. New installations for biomethanisation, composting and energy recovery need to be created.

3.1 Flanders

(MIRA-T, 2001): The Strategic Waste Plan of Flanders, approved in May 2001, outlines the scope of the waste policy for 2002 – 2006, with a view to 2010. The starting point for the development of this plan is a set of 4 planning objectives:

the production of waste and the effects thereof on the environment can no longer increase,
raw materials and energy are replaced by waste products,
the overall volume of waste to be dumped or incinerated is limited in an ecologically sound way,
and the effectiveness of the waste policy is increased.

These objectives resulted in 6 interrelated projects:

The Strategic Waste Prevention Project for developing a process and product policy aimed at waste prevention;
The Priority Industrial Waste Project with an analysis of and systematic approach to priority industrial waste;
The Implementation Plan for Household Waste 2003 – 2007
The High Calorie Waste Project
The extension of an international basis for the Flemish waste sector
Optimal monitoring and maintenance of the waste policy effectiveness.

(Wille, 2004; Parent et al. 2004): The objective of the current “Implementation Plan for Household Waste 2003-2007” is to limit the effects on the environment as much as possible. Targets of this plan are:

to obtain 13 % prevention of household waste in 2007 as compared to 2000
69 % of household waste is selectively collected and recycled or composted
residual household waste should not be more than 180 kg/cap in 2003, 165 kg/cap in 2005 and 150 kg/cap.a in 2007.
From 2005 only waste which cannot be incinerated may be landfilled. The required processing capacity must be increased by means of mechanical-biological processing plants (to a total treatment capacity of 600,000 tonne per year) and by means of fluidised bed incineration plants.

The measures for achieving those targets are:

A financial support scheme for local authorities (From 2002 – 2004 OVAM financed 70 % of all Flemish local authorities’ investments in waste prevention stimulating items such as compost bins, breadbox, reusable shopping bags, reusable beverage beaker, wormery, drinking fountain, reusable nappy, investments in prevention projects and educational material. 2005 – 2007 the financing is reduced to 50 %.)
A voluntary environmental projects with municipalities;
A communication campaign;
Support for organising re-use systems
Implementation of the polluter pays principle (introduction of cost covering waste management fees and take back obligations)
Support of innovation projects for prevention and eco-consumption.

The polluter pays principle was established by cost covering waste treatment tariffs. Only for separately collected garden and demolition waste reduced waste tariffs were introduced.
In order to reduce the amount of municipal waste to be landfilled or incinerated the Flemish Ministry of the Environment and OVAM initiated selective collection and composting of bio- and green waste in the early 1990s. In the year 2001 340,000 tonnes (60 kg/cap/year) of biowaste and 460,000 tonnes (78 kg/cap/year) of green waste were collected separately, which accounted to about 25 % of the total municipal waste collected in Flanders.

Fees and taxation:

The polluter pays principle was established by cost covering fees for waste management.
There are reduced fees for separately collected garden and demolition waste.
There are lower tariffs for incineration than for landfilling.
For residual waste an environmental tax of EUR 6 to EUR 60/t applies, with the highest rates for residual waste to be landfilled. Selectively collected recyclable waste streams are tax free.

3.2 Walloonia

In 1998 for Walloonia a 560 pages Waste Management Plant was presented which is valid up to the year 2010 (Ministre de l’environnement, des ressoiurces naturelles et de l’agriculture pour la Region Wallone (1998). Horizon 2010 - Plan wallon des dechets. Namur, Belgium). In this plan a detailed analysis for industrial, municipal and hazardous waste is presented as well as an analysis of 29 distinct waste streams.
The waste management plan defines targets for the prevention, composting, recycling and landfilling of industrial and municipal waste, respectively.
For the waste stream “tyres” for example the target is a 10 % waste prevention rate (achieved by life time extending measures). All waste tyres should be revamped and reused, recycled or incinerated.

Measures to achieve those targets comprise:

Informative instruments like;
- Campaigns for raising the environmental sensibility
- Campaigns for information on eco-efficient consumption and efficient waste management technologies/techniques
- Institution building
- Education
- Establishment of local information capacity

Legal/economic/financial instruments like
- Step by step integration of environmental costs into prices of products and services
- Waste tax
- Tax deduction for the development of environmentally friendly technologies
- Eco tax for certain consumption products and packaging
- Cost covering waste management levies

4. Instruments

In Flanders and Walloonia the following policy instruments were introduced:

Financial: Cost covering waste management fees + a levy on industrial/hazardous waste + an environmental tax on residual waste.
Ban on landfill: In Flanders only waste which cannot be prevented, recycled or incinerated may be landfilled. In Walloonia a list of waste types which are banned from landfilling was issued.
Schemes for the separate collection of certain waste streams were introduced
Take back obligations were issued (partly on the basis of voluntary agreements).

Kind of instrument	Financial: Cost covering waste management fees, Levy on industrial/hazardous waste, Environmental tax on residual waste in Flanders (similar system in Walloonia):
Year of introduction	1990
Rate(s)	Waste disposal levy (to be paid to OVAM) EUR 59/t hazardous waste for landfill EUR 25/t hazardous waste for incineration without energy or material recovery EUR 15/t hazardous waste for incineration with energy or material recovery EUR 59/t industrial waste for landfill EUR 24/t industrial waste for incineration without recovery EUR 8.5/t industrial waste for incineration recovery EUR 60/t household waste for landfill EUR 14/t household waste for incineration without energy recovery EUR 6.5/t household waste for incineration with energy recovery
Purpose of instrument	Reduction of waste arisings. Reduction of waste on landfills
Revenue	Annual revenue for each year since the introduction or the latest year available.
Administrative level	Local authorities supported by OVAM (regional level)
Other information of relevance	Reduction of waste management fees for separately collected garden and demolition waste. Reduced environmental tax for waste to be incinerated. Exemption from environmental tax for separately collected waste.
Objectives achieved	Yes
Source of information	OVAM. Country Report Belgium-Flanders. GOM (2001). Flanders Investment Guide 2001.

Kind of instrument	Ban on Landfilling - Flanders
Year of introduction	2005
Waste streams banned	Requirements on waste streams, e.g. Only waste which cannot be incinerated may be landfilled.
Purpose of instrument	Only waste which cannot be incinerated may be landfilled Reduction of waste on landfills Incentive for waste prevention, reduction of effects on the environment and efficient use of resources. Incentive for utilisation of waste. Reduction on waste to be landfilled. to obtain 13 % prevention of household waste in 2007 as compared to 2000 69 % of household waste is selectively collected and recycled or composted residual household waste should not be more than 150 kg/cap.a in 2007
Geographical coverage	Region of Flanders
Administrative level	Regional
Monitoring systems	Controllers
Sanctions	Penalty
Objectives achieved	Too early to say
Source of information	Parent et al.(2004)

Kind of instrument	Ban on Landfilling - Walloonia
Year of introduction	2004-2010
Waste streams banned	Time schedule for waste types which may not be landfilled any more: Ban of landfill before 1 July 2004: Liquid waste and waste which cannot be formed to pellets Hazardous waste with certain properties, PCBs, asbestos, batteries and accumulators Certain clinical waste and animal waste Whole tyres Waste from the selective collection from households including compostable waste Certain metal waste Certain sewage sludge Certain waste from electric and electronic equipment Ban of landfill from 1 July 2004: Packaging, textile and medicinal waste Ban of landfill from 1 January 2006: Residues from metal shredders End-of-life vehicles and shreddered tyres Certain inert waste (primarily construction and demolition waste) Slag (e.g. from waste incineration) Ban of landfill from 1 January 2007: Plastic waste Paper and cardboard Certain waste from electric and electronic equipment Slag (e.g. from metal industry) Sewage sludge Ban of landfill from 1 January 2008: Dust from iron/steel production Residual household waste and not shredded bulky waste Clinical waste Ban of landfill from 1 January 2009: Foundry sands Ban of landfill from 1 January 2010: All bulky waste Biodegradable waste
Purpose of instrument	Reduction on waste to be landfilled Minus 76 % of municipal waste to be landfilled from 2000 to 2010 Minus 72 % of industrial waste to be landfilled from 2000 to 2010
Geographical coverage	Region of Walloonia
Administrative level	Regional
Objectives achieved	Too early to say
Source of information	Walloonische Regierung (2004)

Kind of instrument	Separate collection of waste streams - Flanders
Year of introduction	since 1990s
Waste streams collected	Paper and cardboard Wood waste Vegetable, fruit and garden waste Green Waste Glass Plastic bottles and flasks, metal packaging and drink cartons Other Metals Textile Other Synthetics Construction and demolition waste Car tyres, glass slabs, waste electric and electronic equipment, animal waste, medicines, small hazardous waste, used oil from cars and used oil from restaurants and reusable waste collected by the reuse centres.
Purpose of instrument	To reduce arising of residual household waste. To achieve 69 % share of separately collected household waste.
Administrative level	local
Monitoring systems	Controllers
Sanctions	Penalties
Targets achieved	Results: Share of separately collected household waste = 69,9 % in 2003:
Source of information	OVAM. Country Report Belgium-Flanders.

Kind of instrument	Voluntary agreements - Flanders
Year of introduction	1994
purpose of instrument	To fulfil the take back obligations, the industry involved and the government have developed environmental policy agreements
Waste streams collected	See chapter 'take back obligations'
Administrative level	Regional
Actors involved	Industry and government together
Targets achieved	Yes
Source of information	OVAM website

Kind of instrument	Take Back Obligation - Walloonia (similar system in Flanders)
Year of introduction	2002-2003
Purpose of instrument	Reduction of waste arising. Introduction of producer responsibility
Waste streams involved	Retailers of the following products have an obligation to take them back: Batteries and accumulators Tyres Paper Medicine End-of Life Vehicles Waste of electric and electronic equipment and lamps Waste (food) oil Photo waste
Administrative level	Region Walloonia
Actors involved	Retailers
Source of information	Conseil regional Wallon (2001). Minister de la Region Walonne (2002). Office Wallon des Dechets, et al. (2001). Wallonische Regierung, et al. (2004).

5. Waste generation and treatment from 1995 – 2003

The tables containing waste data for Belgium have been left out of the final version of the Belgium country fact sheet, as there is some doubt concerning the coverage of waste data reported to Eurostat.

6. Regional legislation on waste (selected)

Regional regulations	Exists or not (Y/N)	Reference* (if available)
Landfill	Y	Wallonische Regierung (2003). Erlass zur Festlegung der sektorbezogenen Betriebsbedingungen der technischen Vergrabungszentren (Deponieverordnung), 27.02.2003. Moniteur Belge 13.03.2003 Wallonische Regierung (2004). Erlass zur Untersagung der Zuweisung bestimmter Abfälle in technischen Vergrabungszentren (Deponieverbotsverordnung), 18.03.2004. Moniteur Belge 04.05.2004 Besluit van de Vlaamse Regering houdende de algemene en sectorale bepalingen inzake milieuhygiëne, zoals herhaaldelijk gewijzigd en meer specifiek bij besluit van de Vlaamse Regering van 13.07.01 (B.S. 19.09.01)
Incineration	Y	Wallonische Regierung (2003). Erlass über die sektorbezogenen Bedingungen im Bereich der Abfallverbrennungs- oder – mitverbrennungsanlagen 27.02.2004. Moniteur Belge 14.03.2003 Besluit van de Vlaamse Regering houdende de algemene en sectorale bepalingen inzake milieuhygiëne, zoals herhaaldelijk gewijzigd en meer specifiek bij besluit van de Vlaamse Regering van 12.12.03 (B.S. 13.02.04)
BMW (Bio-degradable municipal waste)	Y	Wallonische Regierung (2004). Erlass zur Untersagung der Zuweisung bestimmter Abfälle in technischen Vergrabungszentren (Deponieverbotsverordnung), 18.03.2004. Moniteur Belge 04.05.2004 Besluit van de Vlaamse regering tot vaststelling van het Vlaams reglement inzake afvalvoorkoming en –beheer 05.12.03. (B.S.30.04.04)
Packaging	Y	All regions: Samenwerkingsakkoord van 30.05.96 betreffende de preventie en het beheer van verpakkingsafval (B.S. 05.03.97)
End-of Life Vehicles / Tyres	Y	Wallonische Regierung, et al. (2004). Umweltvereinbarung über die Bewirtschaftung von Altfahrzeugen 19.04.2004. Moniteur Belge 12.05.2004 Besluit van de Vlaamse Regering houdende de algemene en sectorale bepalingen inzake milieuhygiëne, zoals herhaaldelijk gewijzigd en meer specifiek bij besluit van de Vlaamse Regering van 13.07.01 (B.S. 19.09.01) Besluit van de Vlaamse regering tot vaststelling van het Vlaams reglement inzake afvalvoorkoming en –beheer, 05.12.03. (B.S.30.04.04)
Waste of electrical and electronic equipment	Y	Ministre de l’Environnement et de la Proprete publique, et al. (2001). Convention relative a l’obligation de reprise des dechets d’equipements eletriques et electroniques usages. Bruxelles, Belgium
Batteries	Y	Ordinance on the take back and restriction of hazardous substances in batteries and accumulators, Law Gazette II 495/1999 Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap (2001).

7. Competent authorities

This hyperlink will direct you to Competent Authorities on eionet wastebase

8. Bibliography

Commission of the European Communities (2005). Report on the national strategies for the reduction of biodegradable waste going to landfills pursuant to article 5(1) of directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste. Brussels, 30.03.2005. COM(2005) 105 final
Conseil de la Region de Bruxelles-capitale (1991). Ordonnance relative a la prevention et a la gestion des dechets
Conseil de Ministres (2004). Plan federal de developpement durable 2004-2008. Bruselles, Belgium
Conseil regional wallon (1996). Decret relativ aux dechets 27.06.1996. Moniteur Belge 02.08.1995 (in the version of 01.04.2004)
Conseil regional wallon (2001). Decret relatif aux conventions environmentales, 20.12.2001. Moniteur Belge, 06.02.2002, p. 4096-4104
Conseil regional wallon (2001). Dekret zur Abänderung des Dekrets vom 27. Juni 1996 über die Abfälle im Hinblick auf die Einführung einer Rücknahmepflicht bestimmter Güter und Abfälle, 20.12.2001. Moniteur Belge, 06.02.2002, p. 4105-4109
Federal Council for Sustainable Development (2005). Opinion on the annual assessment of federal policy for sustainable development. Belgium
Federal Government of Belgium (2000). Federal Plan for Sustainable Development 2000-2004 adopted by the Federal Government of Belgium, 20 July 2000
Flanders recent plans (3 pages)
GOM - Regional Development Authority for the Province of Antwerp (2001). Flanders Investment Guide 2001. http://www.gomantwerpen.be/engels/e_pub/aig2001html/aigd5.html#4
Gouvernement de la Region de Bruxelles-capitale (2002). Arrete instaurant une obligation de reprise de certains dechets en vue de leur vaolrisation ou de leur elimination. 18.07 2002. Moniteur Belge 27.09.2002, p. 43849-43862 (03.06.2004. Moniteur Belge 28.07.2004, p. 57692-57693)
Minister de la Region Walonne (2002). Arrete du Gouvernement wallon instaurant une obligation de reprise de certains dechets en vue de leur valorisation ou de leur gestion, 25.04.2002. Moniteur Belge, 18.06.2002, p. 27730-27739 (updated : 10.03.2005, Moniteur Belge, 18.04.2005, p. 16679-16685)
Ministere de la Region de Bruxelles-Capitale (2003). Arrete du Gouvernement de la Region de Bruxelles-Capitale modifiant l’arrete du Gouvernement de la Region de Bruxelles-Capitale du 15 novembre 2001 fixant la tarification des prestations de l’Agence regional pour la Proprete
Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap (1981). Decr. VI. R. 02.07.1981 betreffende de voorkoming en het beheer van afvalstoffen (B.S., 25.07.1981, err., B.S. 13.03.1982)
Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap (1994). Decr. VI. R. 15.06.1994 betreffende de milieubeleidsovereenkomsten (B.S., 08.07.1994). Belgium
Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap (2001). Milieubeleidsovereenkomst betreffende de uitvoering van de VLAREA-aanvaardingsplicht van afgedankte elektrische en elektronische apparatuur. 26.01.2001. Moniteur Belge 31.05.2001, p. 18277-18288
Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap (2002?). 2003 milieubeleidsplan 2007. Belgium
Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap (2004). Besluit van de Vlaamse regering tot vaststelling van het Vlaams reglement inzake afvalvoorkoming en –beheer, 05.12.2003. Belgisch Staatsblad 30.04.2004, Ed. 2, p. 35947-35970 (updated:14.07.2004, B.S. 08.10.2004, p. 70711-70729; 17.12.2004, B.S. 20.01.2005, Ed. 2, p. 1654)
Ministre de l’Environnement et de la Proprete publique, et al. (2001). Convention relative a l’obligation de reprise des dechets d’equipements eletriques et electroniques usages. Bruxelles, Belgium
Ministre de l’environnement, des ressoiurces naturelles et de l’agriculture pour la Region Wallone (1998). Horizon 2010 - Plan wallon des dechets. Namur, Belgium
OECD (2003). Economic Survey of Belgium, 2003. OECD Observer
Office Wallon des Dechets, et al. (2001?). Convention relative a l’obligation de reprise des dechets d’equipements eletriques et electroniques electromenagers. Namur, Belge
OVAM - Public Waste Agency of Flanders (?). Indicators for waste prevention – Development of a methodology for, and testing of OECD-indicators
OVAM (?). Country Report Belgium-Flanders. www.compostnetwork.info/countries/belgium.htm
Parent F., Vanacker L., Vandeputte A. & Wille D. (2004). Municipal waste management in Flanders – Experience and Challenges. Public Waste Agency of Flanders (OVAM)
Suikerbuijk M. (1999). Benchmarking of Flamish Waste Management Policy Compared with Neighbouring Waste Markets. BECO Milieumanagement & Advies, Antwerp
vanStraaten D. & Nulens L. (?). Environmental Information Management – Flanders region. Belgium
VMM – Flemish Environmental Agency, et al. (2004). Belgium’s Greenhause Gas Inventory (1990-2002). Belgium
Wallonische Regierung (2000). Erlass über die spezialisierten Verbrennungsanlagen und die Anlagen zur Mitverbrennung gefährlicher Abfälle 13.04.2000. Moniteur Belge 25.05.2000
Wallonische Regierung (2001). Erlass zur Förderung der Aufwertung bestimmter Abfälle 14.06.2001. Moniteur Belge 07.10.2001
Wallonische Regierung (2003). Erlass über die sektorbezogenen Bedingungen im Bereich der Abfallverbrennungs- oder –mitverbrennungsanlagen 27.02.2004. Moniteur Belge 14.03.2003
Wallonische Regierung (2003). Erlass zur Festlegung der sektorbezogenen Betriebsbedingungen der technischen Vergrabungszentren (Deponieverordnung), 27.02.2003. Moniteur Belge 13.03.2003
Wallonische Regierung (2004). Erlass zur Untersagung der Zuweisung bestimmter Abfälle in technischen Vergrabungszentren (Deponieverbotsverordnung), 18.03.2004. Moniteur Belge 04.05.2004
Wallonische Regierung, et al. (2004). Umweltvereinbarung über die Berwirtschaftung von Altfahrzeugen 19.04.2004. Moniteur Belge 12.05.2004
Waste management plans in Flanders, extract from the MIRA-T 2001 report
Wille D. (2004). Economic instruments to steer eco-consumption – involving local authorities in the Flemish Region. OVAM, Belgium. Presentation, Turku, 28.10.2004

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